Leibowitz: By the way, Mrs. Price, as a matter of fact the name of Mrs. Callie you apply to this boarding house lady is the name of a boarding house lady used in the Saturday Evening Post stories: isn't that where you got the name? And as soon as the as soon as the word got outside the crowd outside went crazy. They were wearing overalls. Organize, demonstrate, protest. Carter testified that he and a friend had been with the two girls the night before the fateful train ride. Exhausted, embarrassed, and near broke from trial after trial, Alabama's once united front regarding Scottsboro finally began to crumble. I think much less widely read than Judge Horton.
In her book, “Stranger at the Party,” Lawrenson writes about the time he left a steak dinner for a shootout on the street. Leibowitz soldiered on with one last appeal to stop the scheduled execution of his clients. And I think he thought probably from early on in the trial that this woman was lying. With the Supreme Court decision in Norris vs. Alabama, he also set in motion the integration of Southern juries, which would make possible many of the civil rights victories in later decades. And what he didn't understand was that each with each attack on Victoria Price he was weakening his case. Voice: Mr. Norris, this is your pardon, full pardon, on behalf of the state of Alabama, the board of pardons and paroles and the governor... WASHINGTON: He was very emotional when he received the pardon at the press conference. Offers. Grover Hall, editor of the Montgomery Advertiser, once one of the most ardent defenders of the Scottsboro verdicts, began to wonder if something had not gone terribly wrong. The Scottsboro case is extremely significant in American history because it clearly demonstrates many of the injustices that African American people had to face within the legal. GOODMAN: He wanted to make a name for himself that was larger than the criminal's lawyer. For two weeks, Theroux visits the San Quentin State Prison and talks with the guards and the inmates. Of the nine, only four had known each other before their arrest. Voice: He left little if anything undone to arouse the resentment if not the bitterness of everyone in the courtroom, including members of the jury. ROBERT WANN: As the situation became desperate, my father took his pistol off and he gave it to his deputies.... he walked out the front door right through the middle of the mob and the crowd separated for him, not a hand touched him. "The Scottsboro Boys Shall Not Die" Horton doesn't know what's going on. With dogs in pursuit, he waded through streams for days, and was harbored at night by sympathetic black families. Afro-American Newspaper Archives and Research Center Will you let them murder the nine Negro boys in Scottsboro? This episode in American history proves how many people in the South were not concerned with how their fellow Americans … As expected, he confirmed that he had found semen in their bodies. William Watts and Family When help did come, it was from the most unlikely of sources: the Communist Party of the United States. Patterson voice: The cell door banged open. Very conscious of proper procedure in a courtroom. Everything the individual who was who was going to be executed Norris hears the last words. The Scottsboro Boys: An American Tragedy The author or producer of this documentary film was smart in setting the scene for the viewer. He had carefully considered how the jury would see every aspect of the trial, but one: himself. LEIBOWITZ: He never believed that for a moment. AP/Wideworld Photos Royer: You've heard the expression from the outside of the courtroom so to speak that that the Jew lawyer ought'a go back to New York. He is buried in a neglected cemetery in Chattanooga. CARTER: I can't imagine many things more difficult for Sam Leibowitz than to sit in a courtroom and be the second ranked attorney, to sit there while another attorney takes on the case. Tamiment Library, New York University. The suit was settled quietly for what for NBC was a pittance, but for Victoria Price was more money than she'd ever known. And the question of who really cared about them, who really defended them? Deliberate injustice is more fatal to the one who imposes it than to the one on whom it is imposed. Price: Because that is not the train I was on. We brought them cigarettes and chocolate. Despite contributions from around the world to purchase new clothes, food, even musical instruments, the boys' international notoriety singled them out for continual torment by guards. Carter: We walked up the yards 'til we came to the (hobo) jungles. In the early 1930's, the best-known criminal lawyer in America, after Clarence Darrow, was New York's Samuel L. Leibowitz. The lights actually dim in the death house itself. Synopsis. And basically the state said, all right, we'll give you those. Fast, free delivery. I looked him in the eye first time we brought him out of jail. Attorney General Thomas Knight, also the State's prosecutor, engineered the removal of Judge Horton from the case, and named in his place 70 year-old judge William Callahan. BANKS: I feel if you are telling the truth you could look anybody in the eye. Until she was made angry, and then she would shout, 'I don't know anything. A posse is organized. Asked by elizabeth a #770162. Stanley Tucci And he had a sense of timing that Jack Benny would have envied. The sheriff said to me: 'see that gallows, nigger. She comes right out and says said that: 'I made the whole story up because Victoria told me to make it up.' Single, 2000, Documentary, Historical, Society & … I saw he'd kill if he got a chance. Scottsboro: an American Tragedy In March 1931, two white women in Alabama made the shocking accusation that they had been raped by nine black teenagers on a train. By the time the NAACP made an effort to become involved in the legal defense of … And so that's the way they explode. Leibowitz: Isn't it a fact that the night before you left Chattanooga you and your boyfriend and Ruby and Lester Carter went walking along the railroad tracks? This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google, Tragedy Into Hope: Students Rally to Create a Memorial for Ell Persons. GOODMAN: The communist realize at this point that they've got to show the world that these defendants are actually innocent. Steve McCarthy GOODMAN: She just refuses for question after question after question to admit the most basic point that this in any way resembles the train that she was riding on. Repeatedly, throughout the trial in Callahan's courtroom, the judge frustrated Leibowitz' defense -- overruling his objections, and excluding crucial evidence to his case. Add to that, he was a showman. In March 1931, two white women in Alabama made the shocking accusation that they had been raped by nine black teenagers on a train. Ruby Bates corroborated her friend's story in every detail, though she could not identify any of her attackers. Produced by Terror -- if you get out of line you're lynched. Norris, SOT: I have no hate toward any creed or color. Alex talks to Barak Goodman the director of the new documentary film, Scottsboro, An American Tragedy which retells the story of the nine Scottsboro Boys falsely convicted of rape in Alabama in 1931. Leibowitz: Ah, ha! Yet she has a manner that makes it difficult for him to make his points. In them, he had made a startling discovery -- of the prospective jurors listed, all were whites, except for a handful of blacks whose names appeared to have been hastily scrawled at the bottoms of several pages. In January, 1933, Joseph Brodsky, one of the leaders of the International Labor Defense, asked Leibowitz to take over as chief defense attorney. And the next morning there it's in the newspapers all over Alabama. CBS News Archives LLOYD BROWN, Former Communist: The view was that in the south we had a uncompleted revolution. And Lord knows there was plenty of evidence. Lee Wilcof New York Daily News Robin Kelley One of them had syphilis and simply couldn't have had sexual intercourse. FLYNT: What they thought they were gonna find is a group of blacks who had beaten up a group of whites and thrown them off the train. So began one of the most significant legal fights of the twentieth century. He ridiculed Bates' "fancy New York clothes"; and called Lester Carter "Carterinsky.". GOODMAN: Leibowitz now cross-examines him and over the course of that cross-examination essentially turns him into a witness for the defense. He was someone who looked the closest you can imagine to a rapist as far as the white imagination's is concerned. But as soon as he would turn his back, they were back again. And the sentence: death by electrocution. She told the truth the first time, now she's lying for the money and for the clothing. Corbis He made it clear, 'I don't agree with you guys, I don't like what you're doing.'. National Archives John Cadell The boys' cells were separated by a thin door from Kilby's electric chair. By the time the nine defendants had taken to the rails, the full brunt of the Depression had already struck the South. The second trial of the Scottsboro defendants had been moved to Decatur, a town in Northeast, Alabama. It wasn't that he'd never had a difficult witness before. As the state prepared to present its case, newspapers reported the mysterious disappearance of Ruby Bates who was rumored to have been kidnapped or even killed. CARTER: Understandably they're terrified. Throw this body of death away from Alabama. Grover Hall, influential editor of The Montgomery Advertiser, immediately lashed back. Scottsboro: An American Tragedy tells this extraordinary lost story for the first time on film-from the points of view of both North and South. But the second they accuse a black man of rape at least for an instant they became a pure white woman. Bancroft Library, University of California at Berkeley To prove that they had, Leibowitz brought with him the huge jury rolls from Decatur. X. Carol Ruth Berkin And I'm sure he could feel them around him. Southern California Library for Social Studies and Research That's what you most fear in a racial confrontation is the unexpected. Sync Sound, Inc. Assistant Camera Anthony Savini No, I don't think there's I don't think there's any way to see this story but as a great tragedy. Courtney Murphy and Tommy Fell Harriett Glickman Raise your voices. Scottsboro: An American Tragedy. Haywood Patterson. Stop! She had made her way to New York, until finally representatives of the ILD tracked her down and convinced her to return to Alabama and testify. Rerecording Mixer Clarence Norris. That was a standard in all of the demonstrations. Ruby Bates, 17, and Victoria Price, 21, hailed from the cotton center of Huntsville, 50 miles from Scottsboro. Carter: We all sat down near a bendin' lake of water where they was honeysuckles and a little ditch. Scottsboro: An American Tragedy | Article The NAACP and the Scottsboro Trial. Charlotte and Jerry Anker As the trial began, Victoria Price took the stand and told a chilling story. We believe in masses of people being behind the causes you're fighting for, and that's how the International Labor Defense Works. Irene Selver He was sent to Atmore Prison Farm, where he worked in the hot sun for 12 hours a day, chained to other prisoners. But the boys' remained deeply confused by the appearance of white men from the North bearing promises of liberation. 83. In 1931, Ruby Bates and Victoria Price falsely accused nine black youths of rape. Voice of Schwartzbart: They had been in a very bad psychological condition. GOODMAN: Scottsboro is the rekindling of an interracial movement of equality. By 1931, the Communists were a small but dynamic force. Voice of Elias Schwartzbart, ILD Attorney: When she made her appearance, the tension in the courtroom was palpable. Rent Scottsboro: An American Tragedy: American Experience (2000) starring Andre Braugher and Frances McDormand on DVD and Blu-ray. I just thought that I was gonna die. Leibowitz had won fame and fortune by defending gangsters, kidnappers, rapists, corrupt cops, and jealous lovers. There were nine prisoners in all. Nesbitt Blaisdell Leibowitz knew that he had to overcome one crucial piece of State's evidence: an examination of the girls just hours after they were brought from the train had turned up traces of semen in their bodies. Voice: I laid on the top bunk, in a way still feeling I was on a moving freight. By the early 1930s, with the nation mired in the Great Depression, many The ILD lawyers dressed as farmers to elude the suspicions of Kilby's wardens. Not him. Then, in 1976, she surfaced to sue NBC for broadcasting a television movie that portrayed her as a prostitute and a liar. Before anyone knew what had happened, two white women stepped from the shadows of a boxcar to make a shocking accusation: they had been raped by nine black teenagers aboard the train. But inside, their lawyers were appealing the Scottsboro verdict before the Supreme Court of the United States. Essential American history, painstakingly assembled but painful to watch. They saw it as an attack on Southern womanhood. The train stops. John Tanzer Back in New York, Mr. Leibowitz tells of the appeals. From his home in Brooklyn, Leibowitz prepared a motion asking Judge Horton to overturn the verdict and order a new trial. They're in one of the most brutal prisons in the United States. Why, he wondered, in the "rich cloud" of possible witnesses had none stepped forward to corroborate Price's story. Throughout Patterson's trial, the other eight defendants had been kept locked away in the Decatur jail, unaware of the proceedings. And that's all it amounts to. Leo Seltzer Voice of Patterson: We was just mindin' our own business, when one of them said, 'This is a white man's train. Before it was over, the Scottsboro affair — so-named for the little Alabama town where the nine were put on trial for their lives — would divide Americans along racial, political, and geographic lines. On many stages, the mothers were joined by Ruby Bates. More than 800 letters arrived at the Horton home, nearly all praising the verdict. But that's the footnote to this story. We were using the Scottsboro case to expose what was going on in the South. And that's what happened. Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York Public Library GOODMAN: There was demonstrations in Germany. Grover Hall, Editor, The Montgomery Advertiser. Roger Phenix Willie Roberson suffered from syphilis so severe he could barely walk. Andy Lanset Michael Shirley Knight pointed out that either she was lying now or had lied two years earlier in Scottsboro. Norris, audio: Cars, trucks, they was comin' in all kinds of ways, the mob was. I'm sure he could feel their presence and he thought about them, why me? Like the nine alleged rapists, their two accusers had been driven onto the rails by economic necessity. It was Roy's first time away from home. © 2000, 2001 Social Media Productions, Inc. © 2001 But Ruby fell apart on cross-examination. To stand trial first, the state had selected 19 year-old Haywood Patterson. Inside, Leibowitz called each to the stand in turn. JAMES GOODMAN, Historian: In Paint Rock news goes out that there is a gang of Blacks, a gang of Negroes on the train that beat up a gang of Whites. It was the Scottsboro case that met that issue head on. The trials of the young men drew North and South into their sharpest … So after that, Attorney General Knight knew it was all right. BROWN: Ideologically, he would be about the last man to represent the Scottsboro movement. They beat on us with their fists, they kicked and tramped on our legs. In. Alan Knight Chalmers Collection, Boston University Sandra Isabelle Muller They labored up to 14 hours a day in deafening noise, air choked with cotton lint, and near complete darkness. To torture you. And the next thing was, how we going to get them to Scottsboro? Ruby Bates had spent the months before the trial in hiding -- as far from the media glare, and the clutches of the prosecution and defense as she could get. By the next morning, the National Guard had secured the jail while newspapers identified what one called "the nine Negro brutes.". The mass arrests in Scottsboro were just what they were waiting for. And some of them were armed, most of them had shotguns. Patterson: I didn't see any girls on the train, Leibowitz: You are a colored boy, would you dare rape a white girl. There was demonstrations in Spain. Norris, audiotape: The courthouse were full of people and they were jumpin' up out their seats with pistols, wasn't a black person around nowhere. There was no Callie Brochie on Seventh Street in Chattanooga. Guards rushed their cells and beat them. FLYNT: The first thing they try to do is concoct an excuse for themselves. Gillian Goodrich The New York Times. I have every confidence in the world that we shall win there. When Charlie Weems was discovered reading Communist literature, guards dragged him from his cell and beat him until he begged for mercy. GOODMAN: So Bates essentially says that she made the whole thing up. Amanda Harberg Again: 'No.'. Product Information SCOTTSBORO: AN AMERICAN TRAGEDY recounts a disturbing chapter in American history. They identified themselves as Victoria Price and Ruby Bates. Alabama Film Commission Janie Patterson, who had never traveled more than 100 miles from her home, led a protest march on the White House. Voice: Two hundred communists undertook to march down Lenox Avenue through the center of Harlem yesterday afternoon in defiance of the police. There was demonstrations in Moscow. By the time the NAACP made an effort to become involved in the legal defense of the accused, the International Labor Defense had already staked a claim to the case. 'Pour it to her, pour it to her' they hollered. Leibowitz: And you saw the Negroes had been captured by the people at Paint Rock and you thought you would be arrested for vagrancy for being a hobo on a train in company with Negroes and at that time you determined to say they raped you to save yourself?! He went to the courthouse and called the governor. The posse goes up and down the train looking in all the cars. Leibowitz: If you can't say, why do you say it is different? Now, Leibowitz confronted Price with this story. Suddenly, from the shadows of a box-car, emerged two white women: pale and disheveled. Not all the other extraneous influences in the case. LEIBOWITZ: He objected. In each of the Scottsboro trials the boys had faced an all-white jury -- a clear violation, he believed, of their right to equal protection under the law. GOODMAN: What Leibowitz does is pretend that he's about to rest his case. He had a responsibility now to make sure that the world understood that those nine defendants in 1931 were innocent and that it was racism, only racism, that in fact forced them to spend all those years in prison. Scottsboro: An American Tragedy exposes dramatically some of the deepest stains in American life and how in the rush to exploit the situation for their own ends, many on both sides of the battle forgot that the lives of nine young men hung in the balance. He showed scenes of the area and described the sounds of the train, gravel, and attempted to give the viewer a snapshot of the attitude of the inhabitants of Northern Alabama. Leibowitz: Haywood Patterson: Did you have anything to do with a white girl? For months, he had waited for this moment: the chance to confront Victoria Price in a court of law. Ed Barteski, Jr. The brutal manner in which Leibowitz cross-examines Mrs. Price makes one feel like reaching for his gun. They immediately send word of this up to party headquarters in New York saying this is a wonderful opportunity to publicize all the things we're trying to publicize in the South. THORNTON: While blacks felt that they were oppressed by Southern whites, Southern whites had a strong sense of their own oppression. But so too had the efforts of a small, but powerful faction opposed to lynching. Two hundred national guardsmen ringed the courthouse to keep the crowd from rushing its doors. Finally, Leibowitz said of Price's testimony: "It is the foul, contemptible lie of an abandoned, brazen woman.". More than ever, the prosecution would rise or fall on the testimony of Victoria Price alone. When we entered the courtroom, we were not told the way to go, we knew the way to go: because it was black on one side and white on the other. Jen Scaturro, Additional Sound But Leibowitz had scoured Chattanooga and found no Callie Brochie anywhere. Olin Montgomery, nearly blind, had been looking for a job to pay for a pair of glasses. The hand belonged to an 18 year-old named Haywood Patterson, who was on his way to Memphis to look for work. Judge James Horton. Voice: Cable to the Brooklyn Eagle: There's intense feeling here because we have brought the question of Negro rights into the open. To each question, she answered: "The communists.". Rules are different. Alabama would entrust the prosecution of the case to its highest-ranking lawyer -- Attorney General Thomas Knight. On the top of a campaign speech he had scrawled a note to himself: "Yea Shall Know the Truth and the Truth Shall Make you Free.". GOODMAN: Leibowitz was, first of all, a remarkably thorough researcher. They were junior partners in the American experiment, that they were not fully accepted as citizens of the United States. He had no idea. See Full Cast + Crew for Scottsboro: An American Tragedy Features Load More Features Movie Reviews Presented by Rotten Tomatoes. The guards escort him, tell him what their job is Watch4HD They were literally living like dying men might live. Robert Leibowitz Jury selection took place under heavy security. And you know they say you can tell a lot from the way a person speaks. Carried away, he vented his anger at the verdict. The image of the black man was that he was anxious at all times to rape a white woman. The crowds outside the courthouse were drawn by what one newspaper called the "most unspeakable crime in the history of Alabama.". Stop! Hall quietly began to lobby for an end of the Scottsboro prosecutions and the parole of the defendants. They worked together in the poorest of the town's textile mills. They sponsored the mothers of the defendants on a national speaking tour. All of them were white. Frank Ferrigno Glen Shauer, Film Processing Scottsboro: An American Tragedy Andre Braugher Frances McDormand Stanley Tucci (2001) Filmmakers Barak Goodman and Daniel Anker examine the 1931 case of nine black males accused of raping two white women. The boys drifted back into obscurity -- their pleas for help to their former sponsors frequently went unanswered. Because Haywood Patterson was the exemplar of the bad Negro. Mills Thornton. Find trailers, reviews, synopsis, awards and cast information for Scottsboro: An American Tragedy (2001) - Daniel Anker, Barak Goodman on AllMovie - Documentary filmmaker Barak Goodman explores the… With the Scottsboro trials, the anti-lynching forces hoped to prove that in Alabama the rule of law would prevail against the passions of the mob. The communists seized on Scottsboro's notoriety to reach a wider audience. Anna Useem VOICE: It is only the Communist Party which day in and day out fights for every demand and need of the Negroes in the terror and lynch-ridden South. He wanted, called for a mistrial immediately. So whenever the guard would pass, the crowd would push beyond the sting, and the guard would turn on his heels, throw his gun down, and say:' get back!' Raise your voices and raise your fists and scream. Frank and Joan Goodman PERRY BRUSKIN, Former Activist: Will you let them murder the nine Negro boys in Scottsboro? Everything you need to get started teaching your students about racism, antisemitism and prejudice. Ruby became flustered. CHRIS DOSS: He had all kinds of pressure from friends, both personal and political friends, saying 'Don't do what we think you may do. Barely escaping the lynch mob, they were put on trial and sentenced to the electric chair. Haywood Patterson had been riding the freight trains so long, he said he could light a butt in the wind from the top of a moving car. Olin Montgomery, nearly blind, had been looking for a job to pay for a pair of glasses. With Patterson's testimony over, many thought Leibowitz would rest his case. Immediately unexpected things began to happen. Tom Hurwitz For years, the Communist Party had devoted special attention to the American South, and to Southern blacks in particular. CARTER: Victoria Price was tough, a survivor in every way. GRIGG: I saw many strangers, lots of strangers. Leibowitz: Just look at this little replica and tell me it fairly represents the general appearance of the box car you rode on? Voice: One possessed of that old Southern chivalry cannot read the trial and keep within the law. Explore the events of a trial that drew North and South into their sharpest conflict since the Civil War, and yielded two momentous Supreme Court decisions. And the last thing you wanna do is enrage and inflame local juries by raising the specter of communism and the class struggle and social equality. THORNTON: White Alabamians did not believe that blacks ought to serve on juries. Grant Maxwell Leibowitz: Isn't the reason why you are making these charges you were found hoboing on a freight train? Get unlimited DVD Movies & TV Shows delivered to your door with no late fees, ever. As Alabama began the fourth trial of the Scottsboro defendants, he stepped aside in favor of a Southern attorney. Leibowitz had found a witness, a drifter named Lester Carter, who claimed that he knew where Price and Bates had really been the night before the train ride: with himself and a friend in a hobo camp near the train yards. STEVENSON: For any black man in Alabama whenever you saw a group of white men with guns in the menacing ominous way in which people were collected in Paint Rock, Alabama, you knew you were in a lot of trouble. FLYNT: I think that's perhaps an ultimate tragedy. WASHINGTON: Every time it was him going in there. GLASSCOCK: She just pointed at Haywood Patterson and said: "He raped me" right there in the courtroom. So that from day one in the trial he becomes in effect another prosecutor. CARTER: I think at that moment Sam Leibowitz realized that she may have been uneducated. We got the best of it and threw them off. Daniel Anker and Barak Goodman, Voices Whatever Leibowitz had been when he entered the case, he was now a different man. CARTER: And of course you had the reporters writing it down. CARTER: A lot of Southerners begin to say look this thing is more trouble than it's worth. In March 1931, a freight train crowded with homeless and jobless hoboes left Chattanooga, Tennessee, bound for points west. Samuel Leibowitz. Judge James Edwin Horton Jr. and Judge William Washington Callahan presided over the second trial of the Scottsboro defendants in Decatur, Alabama. Leibowitz had won a motion to try the defendants separately. John E. Allen, Inc. Nothing was standing still. The Scottsboro defendants, now convicted rapists, were taken to Kilby prison near Montgomery, the pride of the Alabama system. Scottsboro helped forge a new kind of movement: whites and blacks marched side by side for the first time since the days of abolition. Charlie Weems, the oldest, was 19; Eugene Williams, the youngest, 13. The trials of the nine defendants for rape got under way on Monday, April 6 in the Scottsboro courthouse. WGBH Educational Foundation In a landmark decision, the Supreme Court ruled that Alabama had deliberately excluded blacks from their juries, and yet again overturned the guilty verdicts. GOODMAN: Their lives are in fact a complete violation of the ideals of segregation. “He wasn’t Robin Hood,” Eckstein said. Elizabeth Prohasto Norris, audio: The place was surrounded with a mob. Leibowitz: Isn't it a fact, Mrs. Price, that you had intercourse with your boyfriend on the ground while Ruby had intercourse with Lester Carter right beside you? To brutalize you. One of them was blind. Because the audience saw this not as an attack as he saw it upon this woman of ill-repute, this prostitute. Suddenly a large group of Blacks comes hopping over on to the car that she is on, quickly dispatches with her White companions, beats them up, throws them off the train, and then en masse holds her up, rips her clothes off, and rapes her. And to this day I can feel that spit running down my cheek. ROBERT LEIBOWITZ, Defense Attorney's son: He had a supple baritone instrument for a voice which he could use like a Paderevsky or a Yasha Haifitz so to speak. In Harlem, thousands had closely followed the events in Alabama; the verdict shocked and radicalized many. The Justices considered whether in Scottsboro trials, the boys' legal defense had been so inadequate that it violated their rights to legal due process. Get the latest on new films and digital content, learn about events in your area, and get your weekly fix of American history. I saw a car-load over here and a carload over there. It was a traditional trading day in town, but the usual crowd was swelled by thousands more from hundreds of miles around. Ruby Bates is totally different. Take my word on it. Jeffrey demunn Memphis Students present on the lynching of Ell Persons and their goal to create a memorial garden in his honor so their community can reflect on the past. Grover Hall, The Montgomery Advertiser. Two retired New York City police detectives began to accompany Leibowitz everywhere he went. KELLEY: If the prosecutors were gonna win and win big Haywood Patterson was the best person to put on trial. Voice: If you ever saw those creatures those bigots whose mouths are slits in their faces, whose eyes popped out at you like frogs, whose chins dripped tobacco juice, bewhiskered and filthy, you would not ask how they could do it.
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