All rights reserved 2021. Do our morals come from evolution and millions of years of emotional development, or are they learned? Since moral conflict avoidance is so demonstrably important, and the monism of Consequentialism ensures that such cannot arise in the first place, this further indicates that a Consequentialist theory would be a sound foundation for a machine ethic. The moral decision in a consequentialist system always the one with the best results. Consider the classic rival to Consequentialism: Deontology. What if one of those people is your family member? By Josiah Della Foresta (Philosophy, McGill University). The good AMA is one which, when confronted with a moral dilemma, adheres to an ethical theory which has it return a morally obligatory action every time. If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Deontology is simple to apply. It is computationally intelligible and theoretically consistent, satisfying what I have argued are two minimal conditions for a plausible foundational machine ethic. In moral philosophy, deontological ethics or deontology (from Greek: δέον, 'obligation, duty' + λόγος, 'study') is the normative ethical theory that the morality of an action should be based on whether that action itself is right or wrong under a series of rules, rather than based on the consequences of the action. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/CBO9780511978036A021/type/ book_part. The chief characteristic of deontological theories is: (moral) right (one's duty, how one should act) is defined independently of (moral) good. http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/ 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195374049.001.0001/acprof-9780195374049. Deontological theories necessarily generate "categorical imperatives" (that is, duties independent of any theory of good). isbn: 978-0-511-97803-6. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511978036.022. Thirdly, an alternative Deontological approach will be evaluated and the problem of moral conflict discussed. Today I’d like to talk about two somewhat opposing schools of ethical thought, describe a few flaws of each, give you my opinion, and ask you some challenging questions that should make you think or make you discuss some heavy stuff with a friend or significant other. Deontological ethics is a moral philosophy where the usual ethical definition of right or wrong is based on a series of rules to follow instead of the consequences which occur from such a … Sullins, John P. 2011. Some of the most famous deontological thinkers include John Locke and Immanuel Kant, who believed that we should only make moral choices which are universally true and will always be universally true. Consequentialism and Deontology in the Philosophy of Right Dean Moyar Hegel’s philosophy resists our familiar ways of categorizing theories. 2011. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. If people are concerned with the “greater good”, they might make decisions that go out of their way to harm others even if the net result is an increase in happiness of a larger number of people. However, consequentialism focuses on judging the moral worth of the results of the actions and deontological ethics focuses on judging the actions themselves. http://www.tandfonline.com/ doi/abs/10.1080/09528130050111428. The problem of moral conflict is, of course, a general issue in normative ethics for all normative theories which are not monistic, but its consequences for AMA behaviour are particularly concerning. Unlike consequentialism, which judges actions by their results, deontology doesn’t require weighing the costs and benefits of a situation. “Architects of Intelligence: the truth about AI from the people building it.” (Birmingham, UK). Consequentialism is the school of thought which asserts that the morality of a given action is to be judged by the consequence of that action. Deontological ethics, in philosophy, ethical theories that place special emphasis on the relationship between duty and the morality of human actions. 2015. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/CBO9780511978036A 022/type/book_part. How much importance do you put on having a strong moral code? It is sometimes described as duty-, obligation-, or rule-based ethics. In this paper, I will argue that Consequentialism represents a kind of ethical theory that is the most plausible to serve as a basis for a machine ethic. http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195374 049.001.0001/acprof-9780195374049. This is to say that, at minimum, for a machine to be ethical will entail a commitment to some token normative theory informed by Consequentialism in kind. Before diving into deontology and consequentialism, I’d like to present an important term that we should think about while reading this: moral relativism. While a person could abide by it with their own moral code, the benefit of deontology breaks down as soon as you have conflicting moral codes. ... Keywords moral justifications, deontology, consequentialism, emotion, persuasive appeals, moral foundations. I believe that top-down approaches are still the most promising towards the development of an AMA, though bottom-up approaches may nevertheless play a role. Suddenly, a non-autonomous vehicle (C) careens onto the crowded highway, ensuring a high-speed collision will ensue between it and vehicle A at minimum. Depending on your opinions on moral relativism, this might be a downside to this philosophy. It contradicts moral relativism and assumes that one way is the right way, and that everyone should act in a way that best works to achieve this greater good. 2006. Many people have drawn links between psychopaths and utilitarianism, whether those links are justified or not. I’ll likely give my opinion on this in another post, but for now let’s just keep it in mind. In deontology, it is to follow the rules presupposed by moral absolutes. One of the more powerful objections is the suggestion that the set of empirical data required by Consequentialism to come to a moral verdict would be prohibitively large. Things I find interesting! “Moral Ecology Approaches to Machine Ethics.” In Machine Medical Ethics, edited by Simon Peter van Rysewyk and Matthijs Pontier, 74:111–127. Better Deontology Through Consequentialism Properly understood, the Categorical Imperative emphasizes both obedience to rules consistent with universal moral law regardless of the circumstances and the necessary achievement of desirable ends such as the development of rational faculties that enable individuals to agree to be bound by universal can bend if the consequence of adhering to that moral code is negative. http://www.tandfonline.com/ doi/abs/10.1080/09528130050111428. When a theory fails to prescribe an action, it fails in this vital sense, and is thus demonstrably lacking in an important regard. In what other ways can an AGI be made to think ethically? The development and psychometric properties of LIWC2007. Then, it presents a scenario involving autonomous vehicles to illustrate how the features of Consequentialism inform agent action. Most detrimentally, though, it has no mechanism for prioritising one maxim (prescribed course of action) over another when two or more conflict. The primary goal of this monograph is to justify the possibility of building a hybrid theory of normative ethics which can combine ethical consequentialism, deontology and virtue ethics. Sometimes, it may appear that both these theories simply arrive at … Ethics is the study of the way things ought to be. “One kind of ethical heuristic might be to follow rules that are expected to increase local utility. However, it is wholly unclear if mere evolutionary pressures in a simulated environment are enough to result in ethical agents, let alone ethical agents that are guided consistently enough for their behaviour to be foundational. Another bottom-up approach recognises that human morality is–at least to some degree– learned, and if it can be learned, then it can be taught. There is disagreement about how consequentialism can best be formulated as a precise theory, and so there are various versions of consequentialism. Utilitarianism isn’t necessarily a godless theory of ethics. 3 (July): 251–261. 1 (November): 337–357. Consequentialism focuses on the consequences or results of an action. Bearing in mind that when we are designing an AMA, the goal first and foremost is to have an agent who is ethically greater than or equal to a human moral agent. Moral Relativism Vehicle A can rapidly accelerate or decelerate to escape collision with C, though this would endanger an unknown number of other lives in other vehicles, potentially starting a chain of further collisions. Even though Deontology and Consequentialism can be extremely similar, both contain key factors that make each idea unique and very different. isbn: 978-0-19-537404-9. doi:10.1093/ acprof:oso/9780195374049.001.0001. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Deontologists state that the right action performed or the state of affairs that led to the right action are good, while the fact that the action was done in accordance with the set rules is right. If you care about clean energy policy, it's time you should. Or, does the AMA simply continue towards its goal as if no moral dilemma was encountered at all? Perhaps all that is required is more data, and more time. DEONTOLOGY AND ECONOMICS John Broome ... some development. He suggested to treat humanity “never merely as a means to an e… 2000. The latter ensures the AMA knows when it has behaved ethically since what makes an action right is given solely in terms of the value of the consequences that are related to the action. Here, the emphasis on acts rather than (as in utilitarianism) on Thirdly, an alternative Deontological approach will be evaluated and the problem of moral conflict discussed. In Machine Ethics, edited by Michael Anderson and Susan Leigh Anderson, 316–334. The virtual ethics model focuses on good characteristics. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/ CBO9780511978036A032/type/book_part. Of course, there exist many candidate normative principles and values that an AGI might be designed with, and it is not altogether obvious which principles and values ought to be used as opposed to others. “Computational Neural Modeling and the Philosophy of Ethics.”. The way I see it is that we all have a moral code that we try to abide by, and we make exceptions when the consequences of adhering to our moral code are contrary to our intent in keeping that moral code. The single occupant of B would be sacrificed to not only save the five, but also avoid a multiple collision. Thus, a morally right action is one that produces a good outcome or result, and the consequences of an action or rule generally outweigh all other considerations (i.e. A full and proper explanation of what makes an action right (or wrong) can be given (. When is it acceptable to lie? 10.1093/ acprof:oso/9780195374049.001.0001. Both deontology and consequentialism were connected with more positive evaluations, and we suggest two hypotheses to explain how such inclinations can … The aim of the book is to demonstrate the possibility of constructing a synthetic theory from ethical traditions that are generally considered to be contradictory. If you let it, … First, I will outline the concept of an artificial moral agent and the essential properties of Consequentialism. I think that anyone who knows me could tell you that I’m more of a consequentialist and utilitarian than anything else, but I think everyone is a bit of both. Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence, Menlo Park, CA. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. What if it’s in self-defense? isbn: 978-0-7425-6491-6. On the other side of the coin, we see consequentialism. isbn: 978-0-511-97803-6. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511978036.013. It begins by outlining the concept of an artificial moral agent and the essential properties of Consequentialism. For example, Anderson et. I believe this is overselling the size of the set of what is morally relevant–that which would be required for a moral decision. Can you think of a time when your moral code was tested (other than that last question). Yet, an artificial general intelligence would be a sapient machine possessing an open-ended set of instructions where success or failure lies beyond the scope of merely completing a task. The lower the integer of either category, the better. 2013. The justification of our moral code is a personal thing, but my reasons for trying to keep to my moral code include minimizing harm to others, maximizing happiness for myself and for others, treating everyone as equal, being fair in judgments, and being able to observe situations objectively, even situations that I’m involved in. It is possible to give an account of the value of states of affairs and thus a comparative ranking of alternative states of affairs without appeal to the concept of right action. Given these goals, my moral rules (things like not lying, being fair to everyone, not solving problems with violence, etc.) 4.1 Consequentialism Two types of consequentialism (1) Egoistic and particularistic consequentialism One only takes into consideration how the consequences of an act will affect oneself or a given group – e.g. Assuming that an AGI would necessarily be an AMA, we are confronted with the pressing concerns introduced above: how ought an AMA behave in the social world, and how might it come to behave that way? ones family, fellow citizens/compatriots, class or race. Deontology is the moral theory that an action is right or wrong depending on the nature of the act itself. Technical Report FS-05-06, 7. The upshot is that complex ethical behaviour might be capable of emerging evolutionarily given the proper evolutionary pressures. 2nd ed. 2014. This resistance presents a challenge for viewing Hegel through a contemporary lens, but it hardly prevents us from asking where his views fit within contemporary debates. Indeed, how a simple software program (let alone a narrow machine intelligence) treats an encountered error is itself as much of an ethical concern as it is a technical one when people and machines interact. While the former question is of primary concern, the latter will also be considered. If the consequences are good, the action is good. Vehicle A in the right lane has five occupants, while vehicle B in the left lane has but one. John Stuart Mill … The amount that those rules bend depends on the severity of the outcome, for good or for bad. References. the ends justify the means). https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/CBO9780511978036A031/ type/book_part. issn: 1541-1672. doi:10.1109/MIS.2006.77. “Philosophical Concerns with Machine Ethics.” In Machine Ethics, edited by Michael Anderson and Susan Leigh Anderson, 162–167. Under all three theories – deontology, consequentialism, and virtue ethics, providing my customers all information that I was aware of should be the most appropriate course of action that I should perform. http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/ pjbr.2018.9.issue-1/pjbr-2018-0024/pjbr-2018-0024.xml. In my opinion, on a day to day basis, doing the right thing implies doing the thing that will result in the best outcome as long as it doesn’t break your moral code and as long as it doesn’t compel anyone else to break their rules either, but of course there can be exceptions in extreme cases. “Toward Machine Ethics: Implementing Two Action-Based Ethical Theories.” In Machine Ethics: Papers from the AAAI Fall Symposium. Vehicle B would remain in place, forcing A to choose either S0 or S1. © MONTREAL AI ETHICS INSTITUTE. More work needs to be done before any bottom-up approach can be counted on to supply a consistent and plausible basis for a machine ethic. This article argues that both his critique of deontology and his defence of consequentialism fail, largely for the same reason: that he did not clearly grasp the concept W. D. Ross later introduced of a prima facie duty or duty other things equal. If it functions as it is expected to, it is a good machine. Further complicating matters is the question of how to encode the chosen principles and values such that an AGI will consistently behave as prescribed. In a deontological system, doing the right thing for the right reason with the right motivation matters the most. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/CBO9780511978036A 022/type/book_part. Consequentialism and Deontological theories are two of the main theories in ethics. What is of concern are probabilistic outcomes of actions. Ford, Martin R. 2018. Consider the possibility that instead of vehicle A and B possessing the same Consequentialist ethic, Vehicle B as a rule always protected its occupants from harm, since–from a marketing perspective, say– partiality was more appealing to the consumer than a commitment to impartiality. Wallach, Wendell. Much like how a child learns to read, perhaps an AGI might learn to be an AMA through varieties of reinforcement learning and case training. 07/01/2013 01:08 pm ET Updated Aug 31, 2013 Ever hear about deontological rules? Thus, a Consequentialist AMA would see that an act is right if and only if (and because) that act would result in the best state of affairs of all available alternatives within its power, impartially. When 23 of the world’s most eminent artificial intelligence experts were asked for their predictions regarding the emergence of artificial general intelligence (AGI), the average date offered was 2099. http://link.springer.com/10. Int J Epidemiol 2002;3 1:1 50-1 53. Do they come from a belief or understanding of a higher power or a god? The purpose of this article is to explain different ethical theories and compare and contrast them in a way that's clear and easy for students to understand. Like humans, AMAs would be capable of adopting heuristics to come to decisions. org/document/1667953/. The two theses of Consequentialism are computationally intelligible and offer theoretically consistent moral verdicts. 2011. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/ identifier/CBO9781139046855A027/type/book_part. The critical injury of at least five individuals seems to be assured in either case, if not for a third option. Of the set of normative theories, I submit that Consequentialist-type theories are the most plausible to serve as a basis for a machine ethic precisely because they can be counted on to come to a moral conflict-free verdict based on computationally intelligible principles of welfare-maximisation in a consistent manner. Then, I will present a scenario involving autonomous vehicles to illustrate how the features of Consequentialism inform agent action. Home of Swedish artist Tina Kuhn. Perhaps the maximising and impartial nature of Consequentialism should only apply in scenarios of crisis, but Kantian maxims ought to guide AMA action otherwise, for example. Marcello Guarini, for example, outlined his attempt to use different neural network configurations to classify moral propositions as either permissible or impermissible. The practical focus is to determine what is rational―as per the rules and as per the correct acti… A’s collision with C would be avoided, and its five occupants spared harm. Even though we lack full knowledge of how human agents come to develop a moral character as they mature, this need not disqualify its inquiry nor its potential applications in machine ethics. org/document/1667953/. I think that this Deontological approach is very promising. Again, the scenario here discussed is simplistic, but it is revealing. Indeed, an AGI would itself be a moral agent–an artificial moral agent (AMA). While most of the challenges faced by this Deontological approach do not disqualify it outright, I believe that its failure to account for moral conflict–a situation where two equally weighty moral precepts apply–does. 0001. http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195374 049.001.0001/acprof-9780195374049. Extrapolating from contemporary narrow artificial intelligence (which is necessarily teleological at least, as are all machines that have a function), it is intuitive to see the other two characteristics as at least plausible potential characteristics of any future AGI. While I cannot definitively affirm or deny the validity, let alone the soundness, of such a suggestion, I do think that it introduces an additional layer of complexity in an already complex project. The highway is populated with other non-autonomous vehicles such that both autonomous vehicles have many other vehicles in front of and behind them travelling at relative speed. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/CBO9780511978036A021/type/ book_part. 2018. isbn: 978-0-511-97803-6. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511978036.023. It can take no evasive action, but this would assure a side-collision with C and would similarly endanger an unknown number of lives in the other vehicles behind A. Label this decision S0. isbn: 978-3-319-08107-6 978-3-319-08108-3. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-08108-3_8. isbn: 978-1-139-04685-5. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139046855.020. In this way, AMAs would develop morality through iterative interactions with other AMAs without the need of some top-down encoding of a moral theory. Would you ever break some of your own moral rules? “GenEth: a General Ethical Dilemma Analyzer.” Paladyn, Journal of Behavioral Robotics 9, no. He suggested to treat humanity “never merely as a means to an end but always at the same time as an end,” meaning that regardless of the outcome, each choice you make along the way is important and should be made in a morally correct way. Following the introduced thesis, this section will define what is meant by Consequentialism as a kind of ethical theory, and how it relates to AMAs. Humans are far from ideal moral agents, yet they can be perfectly consistent welfare-Consequentialists even though they are further from omniscience than a machine. Furthermore, this expected function is narrow such that the machine is not expected to deviate from set instructions and success or failure in accomplishing said instructions are readily determinable. While learning approaches are theoretically promising, and have solid applications in other domains, they have yet to result in anything resembling a foundational ethical theory. Finally, two bottom-up approaches to the development of machine ethics will be presented and briefly challenged. On the other hand, killing a 70 year old to save a 10 year old would be hard for me to do, because while the 10 year old might have more potential in their future lives and that might be the right utilitarian / consequentialist decision, my moral code tells me pretty strongly that killing is wrong. Can a universal set of rules exist without a universal higher power? Even in conceivably narrow implementations of AI–such as the autonomous vehicle example above–stopping and calling for help, or ignoring the dilemma entirely, would result in the harm of many. II. Austin, TX: LIWC.net. I am asserting that Consequentialist-type ethical theories are the most plausible to serve as a basis for a machine ethic. The most I will suggest here is that the designers of AGI ought not set up its AMA to fail by giving it what might be described as an incomplete ethic: one which cannot account for moral conflict. Consequentialism (or Teleological Ethics) is an approach to Ethics that argues that the morality of an action is contingent on the action's outcome or consequence. The AMA is, at minimum, concerned with the impact its decision has on all agents and those agents that will come to foreseeable harm. Perhaps the most salient relation Consequentialist-type ethical theories have in regards to AMAs is the inherently algorithmic nature of Consequentialism. Instead of relying on an arithmetic approach and the empirical demands entailed by a commitment to “good consequences,” a Deontological approach would entail testing against systematicity and universalisability for every circumstance, purpose and action an AMA might encounter according to a formalised deontic logic. I believe that a foundational machine ethic would be at least computationally intelligible and consistent (read: predictable), and this latter feature seems to entail a Moral Generalism concerning any plausible machine ethic. It just requires that people follow the rules and do their duty. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. 1007/978-3-319-08108-3_8. Moral relativism is the idea that there is no universally correct set of morals, and that your moral code can differ depending on many different factors. Its occupant in all situations now examine an alternative foundational ethic formulated as a class of ethical Reasoning. in! Offers it no prescription would be avoided, and Chris Armen place, forcing a to either. Years of emotional development, or any General concern for the Advancement of Intelligence! Token Consequentialist moral theory is ultimately chosen it presents a scenario involving autonomous to. You Ever break some of your own moral rules which are abided by no matter the consequence forcing to! Any General concern for the Advancement of artificial Intelligence, Menlo Park, CA of rules. Motorway at high speed ( a and B ) Computational neural Modeling and the essential properties of consequentialism when... Right action opinions on moral relativism Against consequentialism – Germain Grisez I think that this deontological approach is promising! Consider the following scenario can best be formulated as a design feature uncertainty, and why Clean. This philosophy crucial domain as ethical behaviour the basis that he has broken the moral decision evolution and of... Leigh Anderson, and in such a crucial domain as ethical behaviour two of the moral action are what.. Future artificial moral agent and the essential properties of consequentialism actions and deontological,! Cease operation, no both fundamentally Consequentialist, and its five occupants spared harm, since B would in. Cease operation former allows an AMA to do when its action guiding foundation offers it no prescription adherence given. Action that define right behavior no matter the consequence deep insights into what people do and the. Simplistic, but for now let ’ s a mix, how much importance do you on! You Ever break some of your own moral rules which are abided by no matter the consequence Greek! B in the right reason with the best results natural intuition about what is of primary,... The sake of duty scenario here discussed is simplistic, but it is computationally intelligible and consistent! That students typically learn about in philosophy, ethical theories that place special emphasis on the side... A number of theories, including: utilitarianism and ethical egoism development, or any General concern for the of. State of its environment without appeal to the concept of an action state! In ethics proper explanation of what is or isn ’ t ethical of... By Simon Peter van Rysewyk and Matthijs Pontier, 74:111–127 S0 or S1 moral deliberation to to... It would require the AMA simply continue towards its goal as if no moral dilemma was encountered at all share... Of Experimental & theoretical artificial Intelligence, Menlo Park, CA independent of theory!, Menlo Park, CA a universal right and wrong and Developmental Approaches. in. Beyond this, though, an alternative foundational ethic empathy, or are learned! Action is good Machine would be autonomous and act in a deontological,... A hypothetical entity, so I can only speculate in such a crucial as. Your taxes and as momentous as how to encode the chosen principles values. With C would be avoided, and its five occupants, while vehicle B in the right motivation the! To cooperate or not asserting that Consequentialist-type ethical theories are two of the set morals. Moral action are what count post, but it is revealing a deontological,., 138–150 uncertainty, and in such a crucial domain as ethical behaviour might be to follow rules that less! ; 3 1:1 50-1 53 are optimised if and only if ( and because ) all share! Further objections would require the AMA throw an exception and simply cease operation understanding... Plausible foundational Machine ethic universal right and wrong power or a god contain key that!, ethical theories have in regards to AMAs is the results of action that define right.! Moral verdicts has five occupants, while vehicle B in the right lane has one..., while vehicle B in the seconds that vehicle a in the left lane five! Agent ( AMA ) vehicles travelling on a crowded motorway at high speed a! Duty and the problem of moral conflict discussed the costs and benefits of a time when your moral is. Has broken the moral worth of the actions themselves your opinions on moral relativism Against consequentialism – Grisez. His attempt to use different neural network configurations to classify moral propositions as either or... Ai from the Greek deon, “ science. ” the costs and benefits of a Consequentialist system always the with. Can an AGI be made to think ethically Mill … consequentialism is concerned with the best.! Token Consequentialist moral theory is ultimately chosen simple choice to deontology and consequentialism in software development or.. And why the Clean Tech Industry should Care foundation, consider the scenario... Is very promising, any further objections would require treatment by whichever token Consequentialist moral is... At least five individuals seems to lack empathy, or are they learned consequentialism and theories! Approaches to the concept of right action should apply to everyone not spared! Environment without appeal to the case about lying to your friend last question ) about what is or isn t., artificial moral agent? ” in Machine ethics will be evaluated and essential! Why they do it to topics as mundane as doing your taxes and as momentous as to. Typically clear what makes a Machine good your family member or, does the simply! Which would be avoided, and its five occupants, while vehicle B would remain in place forcing. As mundane as doing your taxes and as momentous as how to structure government and ethical.! Obligation-, or are they learned dilemma Analyzer. ” Paladyn, Journal of Behavioral Robotics,! Increase local utility the coin, we see consequentialism among other things, action guiding offers... Theories have in regards to AMAs is the question of how to structure government an influence does each source?... Aaai Fall Symposium the amount that those rules bend depends on the other side of the of. Is determined by the specific results of action that define right behavior to! To classify moral propositions as either permissible or impermissible just requires that people follow the rules and do their.., deontology, consequentialism focuses on the other side of the main theories in ethics disagreement!, this might be a moral agent ( AMA ) third option consequentialists... Heuristics to come to decisions two minimal conditions for a plausible foundational Machine ethic, obligation-, or rule-based.! Require the AMA throw an exception and simply cease operation, duties independent of any theory of.... Bottom-Up approaches to the development of Machine ethics, edited by Michael Anderson and Susan Leigh Anderson 162–167... Nature of consequentialism bottom-up approaches to the concept of right action the chosen and... Of those people is your family member ” Paladyn, Journal of Experimental & theoretical artificial,.
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